Kanō judo as an education; through the eyes of Arnold, Mill, Smiles and Spencer.

Kanō studied philosophy at the University of Tokyo under Ernest Fenollosa, a student of pragmatist William James, who highlighted the importance of practical experience and experimentation. Fenollosa’s curriculum included Eastern philosophies, however this paper considers the extent to which the ideas of four British philosophers influenced Kanō. Matthew Arnold, believed that the pursuit of culture and excellence required self-discipline and self-control, developed through practice. John Stuart Mill's philosophy of utilitarianism is that actions should be judged on their ability to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. He also placed emphasis on respect for others and the proper use of power. Samuel Smiles believed that “character" (a combination of moral and intellectual qualities, including honesty, integrity, and self-control) was essential for success in life. Herbert Spencer advocated that education encompassing intellectual, moral, and physical development was essential for personal and social progress. These philosophies will be viewed in the context of judo and the Kōdōkan Cultural Council principles of; Seiryoku Zen'yo and jita kyōei.